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In high performance CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) amplifier circuits, transistors are not only used to amplify the signal but are also used as active loads to achieve higher gain and output swing in comparison with resistive loads. [1] [2] [3] CMOS technology was introduced primarily for digital circuit design.
The net open-loop small-signal voltage gain of the op amp is determined by the product of the current gain h fe of some 4 transistors. In practice, the voltage gain for a typical 741-style op amp is of order 200,000, [16] and the current gain, the ratio of input impedance (~2−6 MΩ) to output impedance (~50 Ω) provides yet more (power) gain.
For transistors, the current-gain–bandwidth product is known as the f T or transition frequency. [4] [5] It is calculated from the low-frequency (a few kilohertz) current gain under specified test conditions, and the cutoff frequency at which the current gain drops by 3 decibels (70% amplitude); the product of these two values can be thought of as the frequency at which the current gain ...
It is a form of electronic amplifier with unity gain. There are three versions of generations of the idealised device, CCI, CCII and CCIII. [1] When configured with other circuit elements, real current conveyors can perform many analogue signal processing functions, in a similar manner to the way op-amps and the ideal concept of the op-amp are ...
A non-ideal operational amplifier's equivalent circuit has a finite input impedance, a non-zero output impedance, and a finite gain. A real op-amp has a number of non-ideal features as shown in the diagram [clarification needed], but here a simplified schematic notation is used, many details such as device selection and power supply connections ...
If the bias current is fixed for some performance reason, any increase in load resistance automatically leads to a lower voltage for V out. which in turn lowers the voltage drop V CB between collector and base, limiting the signal swing at the amplifier output (if the output swing is larger than V CB, the transistor is driven out of active mode ...
Because of the op amp, these circuits are sometimes called gain-boosted current mirrors. Because they have relatively low compliance voltages, they also are called wide-swing current mirrors . A variety of circuits based upon this idea are in use, [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] particularly for MOSFET mirrors because MOSFETs have rather low intrinsic output ...
The open-loop gain of an electronic amplifier is the gain obtained when no overall feedback is used in the circuit. [1] [2] The open-loop gain of many electronic amplifiers is exceedingly high (by design) – an ideal operational amplifier (op-amp) has infinite open-loop gain. Typically an op-amp may have a maximal open-loop gain of around , or ...