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The Hindu–Arabic system is designed for positional notation in a decimal system. In a more developed form, positional notation also uses a decimal marker (at first a mark over the ones digit but now more commonly a decimal point or a decimal comma which separates the ones place from the tenths place), and also a symbol for "these digits recur ad infinitum".
The 2, 8, and 9 resemble Arabic numerals more than Eastern Arabic numerals or Indian numerals. Leonardo Fibonacci was a Pisan mathematician who had studied in the Pisan trading colony of Bugia , in what is now Algeria , [ 15 ] and he endeavored to promote the numeral system in Europe with his 1202 book Liber Abaci :
The Hindu–Arabic numeral system is a decimal place-value numeral system that uses a zero glyph as in "205". [1]Its glyphs are descended from the Indian Brahmi numerals.The full system emerged by the 8th to 9th centuries, and is first described outside India in Al-Khwarizmi's On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals (ca. 825), and second Al-Kindi's four-volume work On the Use of the Indian ...
The Indian numbering system is used in Indian English and the Indian subcontinent to express large numbers. Commonly used quantities include lakh (one hundred thousand) and crore (ten million) – written as 1,00,000 and 1,00,00,000 respectively in some locales . [ 1 ]
But if the number-base is increased to 11, say, by adding the digit "A", then the same three positions, maximized to "AAA", can represent a number as great as 1330. We could increase the number base again and assign "B" to 11, and so on (but there is also a possible encryption between number and digit in the number-digit-numeral hierarchy).
The practice is ultimately derived from the decimal Hindu–Arabic numeral system used in Indian mathematics, [10] and popularized by the Persian mathematician Al-Khwarizmi, [11] when Latin translation of his work on the Indian numerals introduced the decimal positional number system to the Western world.
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"Western Arabic numerals" (sometimes called European) are used in western Arabic regions (e.g. Morocco) "Eastern Arabic numerals" are used in middle and eastern Arabic regions (e.g. Egypt and Syria) "Eastern Arabic-Indic numerals" are used in Persian and Urdu speaking regions (e.g. Iran, Pakistan, India)