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A 19th-century palm-leaf manuscript called kammawa from Bagan, Myanmar. In Myanmar, the palm-leaf manuscript is called pesa (ပေစာ). In the pre-colonial era, along with folding-book manuscripts, pesa was a primary medium of transcribing texts, including religious scriptures, and administrative and juridical records. [20]
As of 2019 EAP had funded over 400 projects. Some of these have received media coverage, including projects on manuscripts containing magical texts from Djenne, Mali, [3] and the Islamic libraries of Timbuktu, Mali, which are under threat of destruction by war, [4] collections of palm-leaf manuscripts from Sri Lanka, [5] and archives from Brazil.
The difference between the two is that Musnad documented historical events, meanwhile Zabur writings were used for religious scripts or to record daily transactions among ancient Yemenis. Zabur writings could be found in palimpsest form written on papyri or palm-leaf stalks. [11] [12]
The Isha Upanishad manuscript Gharib al-Hadith, by Abu 'Ubaid al-Qasim ibn Sallam al-Harawi (d. 837 AD). The oldest known dated Arabic manuscript on paper in Leiden University Library, dated 319 AH (931 AD) A 14th-century Armenian manuscript, with painting by Sargis Pitsak. The first page of the Gospel of Mark. Cod. 2627, fol. 436 r. (Matenadaran)
The manuscript was copied in a Shiva temple around 1700 CE. It is written on palm leaf strips (approx 23 x 3.5 cm), on both sides (see above). Each portion of the manuscript includes a scale (ragam) and beat (talam) to guide the singers and musicians. The colophon contains the titles for the hymns.
These documents are commonly written in a contemporary-like book form, but they can be written in a traditional palm-leaf manuscript called lontar, in which a long, thin strip of dried lontar is rolled to a wooden axis in similar manner to a tape recorder. The text is then read by scrolling the lontar strip from left to right. [4]
Arabic manuscript of The Thousand and One Nights dating back to the 14th century. Scholars have assembled a timeline concerning the publication history of The Nights: [67] [59] [68] One of the oldest Arabic manuscript fragments from Syria (a few handwritten pages) dating to the early ninth century.
Narayam was the primary tool to scribe on palm-leaf manuscripts called thaliyola, the pre-treated leaf of an Asian palmyra palm. Until the introduction of paper, the palm leaves remained as the primary medium for creating, circulating and preserving written articles in the region.