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In the absence of an understanding of the true meaning and structure of M-theory, Witten has suggested that the M should stand for "magic", "mystery", or "membrane" according to taste, and the true meaning of the title should be decided when a more fundamental formulation of the theory is known. [1]
It did this by asserting that strings are an approximation of curled-up two-dimensional membranes vibrating in an 11-dimensional spacetime. According to Witten, the M could stand for "magic", "mystery", or "membrane" according to taste, and the true meaning of the title should be decided when a better understanding of the theory is discovered. [5]
Membrane Theory may refer to: M-theory, a theory in physics that unifies all of the consistent versions of superstring theory; Membrane theory of shells, describes the mechanical properties of shells; Membrane potential, a theory that explained the resting potential of nerve and muscle as a diffusion potential
Supermembranes are hypothesized objects that live in the 11-dimensional theory called M-Theory and should also exist in eleven-dimensional supergravity. Supermembranes are a generalisation of superstrings to another dimension. Supermembranes are 2-dimensional surfaces. For example, they can be spherical or shaped like a torus.
Edward Witten has popularised the concept of a theory in 11 dimensions, called M-theory, involving membranes interpolating from the known symmetries of superstring theory. It may turn out that there exist membrane models or other non-membrane models in higher dimensions—which may become acceptable when we find new unknown symmetries of nature ...
The three brothers' sister Celia M. Witten earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Stanford University [10] and then an M.D. from the University of Miami. [11] Edward Witten is the son of Lorraine (born Wollach) Witten [ 12 ] and Louis Witten , a theoretical physicist specializing in gravitation and general relativity .
Traditionally, in theoretical physics, the Planck scale is the highest energy scale and all dimensionful parameters are measured in terms of the Planck scale. There is a great hierarchy between the weak scale and the Planck scale, and explaining the ratio of strength of weak force and gravity / = is the focus of much of beyond-Standard-Model physics.
Since the membrane theory requires an impermanent solute to sustain cell shrinkage, these experiments cast doubt on the theory. Others questioned whether the cell has enough energy to sustain the sodium/potassium pump.