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Film speed is the measure of a photographic film's sensitivity to light, ... Speed was expressed in degrees Scheiner, originally ranging from 1° to 20° Sch., ...
In photography, reciprocity refers to the relationship whereby the total light energy – proportional to the total exposure, the product of the light intensity and exposure time, controlled by aperture and shutter speed, respectively – determines the effect of the light on the film. That is, an increase of brightness by a certain factor is ...
The telerecording film chain can be arranged to produce a direct negative-image film recording, a direct positive-image film recording, or a positive print can be made from the negative. In the first two cases we have the following four units in which local gamma or effective image contrast may be adjusted: The recording channel amplifier.
For photographic film, sensitivity is referred to as film speed and is measured on a scale published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Faster film, that is, film with a higher ISO rating, requires less exposure to make a readable image. Digital cameras usually have variable ISO settings that provide additional ...
A roll of Cinestill 135 color film showing checkboxes that can be used to remember the EI for push-processing (expressed in stops relative to the box speed of ISO 800/30°). When a film's effective sensitivity has been varied, the resulting sensitivity is called the exposure index ; the film's speed remains at the manufacturer's indication.
The implied value (1/3.125) for the speed scaling constant given in the Exif 2.2 specification ("Exif 2.2"; JEITA 2002) differs slightly from the APEX value of / (0.2973); with the Exif value, an ISO arithmetic film speed of 100 corresponds exactly to a speed value [3] of 5.
Professional fine-grained 800 speed film now features improved skin tones, much more accurate color reproduction, better shadow detail, and wider exposure latitude. It features Fuji's new peel and stick paper backing. Renamed in 2004 Pro 800Z with no change to the emulsion. Japan: 135, 120, 220: Pro 800Z FUJIFILM: Fujicolor Pro 800Z: 2004 ...
In the later part of the 19th century, the United States, Germany, France and the UK were actively inventing numerous mechanical optometers, to speed up the process of bringing lenses before the patients' eyes.