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This soon became the standard measure of hopelessness, though it was less used than the long existing Beck Depression Inventory. In 1988 and 1989, Abramson, Gerald Metalsky, Lauren Alloy and Shirley Hartlage revised Abramson's 1978 work, and named the results the "hopelessness theory of depression". They believed that "hopelessness depression ...
Existential isolation is the subjective feeling that every human life experience is essentially unique and can be understood only by themselves, creating a gap between a person and other individuals, as well as the rest of the world. [1]
For example, physical violence or constant fighting in a relationship may be interpreted as external signs of a serious existential crisis. [2] Various empirical studies have shown that a lack of sense of meaning in life is associated with psychopathology .
The hopelessness theory of depression proposes that depression is caused by two variables: attribution of negative events to stable and global causes, and other cognitive factors like low self-esteem (Krith, 2014). CSB attributes occurrence of events to stable aspects of the individual that are not controllable.
According to this theory, one person in the relationship uses the other person as a "secure base", exploring the world from this person and using them as a safe place to return to when stressed or experiencing perceived danger. Bowlby's theory was extended from infants to adults by Cindy Hazan and Phillip Shaver. [30]
Romantic relationships, for example, serve as a secure base that help people face the surprises, opportunities, and challenges life presents. Similarities such as these led Hazan and Shaver to extend attachment theory to adult relationships. Relationships between adults also differ in some ways from relationships between children and caregivers ...
Relationships formed with family members are key in adolescent development, particularly for future satisfaction with life. [17] Studies have shown that comedic performers tend to be raised in distant, somewhat disjointed family settings, characterised by family animosity. [ 6 ]
Mental distress can potentially lead to a change of behavior, affect a person's emotions in a negative way, and affect their relationships with the people around them. [ 1 ] Certain traumatic life experiences (such as bereavement , stress, lack of sleep , use of drugs , assault , abuse , or accidents such as the death of a loved one [ 2 ...