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Magnetic refrigeration is a cooling technology based on the magnetocaloric effect. This technique can be used to attain extremely low temperatures , as well as the ranges used in common refrigerators .
Magnetic refrigeration, or adiabatic demagnetization, is a cooling technology based on the magnetocaloric effect, an intrinsic property of magnetic solids. The refrigerant is often a paramagnetic salt , such as cerium magnesium nitrate .
Below 10 K one uses magnetic materials which are specially developed for this application. The so-called coefficient of performance (COP; denoted ξ {\displaystyle \xi } ) of coolers is defined as the ratio between the cooling power Q ˙ L {\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}_{\text{L}}} and the compressor power P .
Several issues at the onset of the technology have hindered its proliferation: Expensive refrigeration units and high power cost to maintain operating temperatures; Existence and continued development of adequate technologies using normal conductors; These still pose problems for superconducting applications but are improving over time.
The refrigeration process uses a mixture of two isotopes of helium: helium-3 and helium-4.When cooled below approximately 870 millikelvins, the mixture undergoes spontaneous phase separation to form a 3 He-rich phase (the concentrated phase) and a 3 He-poor phase (the dilute phase).
Another type of Stirling cooler is the split-pair type (Fig.4), consisting of a compressor, a split pipe, and a cold finger. Usually there are two pistons moving in opposite directions driven by AC magnetic fields (as in loudspeakers). The pistons can be suspended by so-called flexure bearings.
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Discovery of a new class of materials that could make magnetic refrigeration a viable cooling technology for the future. Development of a high-strength lead-free solder that is stronger, easier to use, stands up better in high-heat conditions, and is environmentally safe.
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