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  2. 0.999... - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0.999...

    The Archimedean property: any point x before the finish line lies between two of the points P n (inclusive).. It is possible to prove the equation 0.999... = 1 using just the mathematical tools of comparison and addition of (finite) decimal numbers, without any reference to more advanced topics such as series and limits.

  3. Receiver operating characteristic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_operating...

    A classification model (classifier or diagnosis [7]) is a mapping of instances between certain classes/groups.Because the classifier or diagnosis result can be an arbitrary real value (continuous output), the classifier boundary between classes must be determined by a threshold value (for instance, to determine whether a person has hypertension based on a blood pressure measure).

  4. Branching fraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_fraction

    Branching fractions from the P3/2 and P1/2 states in 88 Sr+. In the field of atomic, molecular, and optical physics, a branching fraction refers to the probability of decay to a specific lower-lying energy states from some excited state.

  5. Roman numerals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals

    The Romans used a duodecimal rather than a decimal system for fractions, as the divisibility of twelve (12 = 2 2 × 3) makes it easier to handle the common fractions of 1 ⁄ 3 and 1 ⁄ 4 than does a system based on ten (10 = 2 × 5).

  6. Letter frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency

    The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...

  7. Water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

    Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula H 2 O.It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, [c] and nearly colorless chemical substance.It is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent [20]).

  8. Economic history of the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the...

    Chart 1: trends in economic growth, 1700–1850 Further information: American School (economics) The Constitution of the United States , adopted in 1787, established that the entire nation was a unified, or common market, with no internal tariffs or taxes on interstate commerce.