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Developed by Merrill Swain, the comprehensible output (CO) hypothesis states that learning takes place when learners encounter a gap in their linguistic knowledge of the second language (L2). By noticing this gap, learners become aware of it and may be able to modify their output so that they learn something new about the language. [1]
Language learning strategies is a term referring to the actions that are consciously deployed by language learners to help them learn or use a language more effectively. [1] [2] They have also been defined as "thoughts and actions, consciously chosen and operationalized by language learners, to assist them in carrying out a multiplicity of tasks from the very outset of learning to the most ...
Similar to Krashen's input hypothesis, the interaction hypothesis claims that comprehensible input, which is characterized as a variety of language that can be understood by a learner, [3] is important for language learning. There are a number of ways in which input may be modified for the benefit of the learner.
This decade saw a flurry of papers describing and analyzing communication strategies, and saw Ellen Bialystok link communication strategies to her general theory of second-language acquisition. [6] There was more activity in the 1990s with a collection of papers by Kasper and Kellerman [ 7 ] and a review article by Dörnyei and Scott, [ 8 ] but ...
The advocates of deliberate vocabulary learning paradigm -for example, Coady, 1993; Nation, 1990, 2001, as cited in Ma & Kelly, 2006- agree that context is the main source for vocabulary acquisition. However, they also believe that in order to be able to build up sufficient vocabulary and acquire the necessary strategies to handle the context ...
Let's Go is a series of American-English based EFL (English as a foreign language) textbooks developed by Oxford University Press and first released in 1990. While having its origins in ESL teaching in the US, and then as an early EFL resource in Japan, [1] the series is currently in general use for English-language learners in over 160 countries around the world. [2]
The theory was proposed by Richard Schmidt in 1990. [1] The noticing hypothesis explains the change from linguistic input into intake and is considered a form of conscious processing. It is exclusive from attention and understanding, and has been criticized within the field of psychology and second language acquisition.
Sheltered instruction employs various methods to support English language learners (ELLs) in comprehending content while developing language skills simultaneously. One effective approach involves the use of visual aids, such as charts, diagrams, and multimedia resources, to enhance understanding and make abstract concepts more tangible.