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Delocalizing the radical ion stabilizes the transition state structure. As a result, the energy of activation decreases, enhancing the rate of the overall reaction. According to the captodative effect, the rate of a reaction is the greatest when both the EDG and EWG are able to delocalize the radical ion in the transition state structure. [7]
Ergodicity economics is a research programme that applies the concept of ergodicity to problems in economics and decision-making under uncertainty. [1] The programme's main goal is to understand how traditional economic theory, framed in terms of the expectation values , changes when replacing expectation value with time averages.
Qualitative economics is the representation and analysis of information about the direction of change (+, -, or 0) in some economic variable(s) as related to change of some other economic variable(s).
Econometrics is an application of statistical methods to economic data in order to give empirical content to economic relationships. [1] More precisely, it is "the quantitative analysis of actual economic phenomena based on the concurrent development of theory and observation, related by appropriate methods of inference."
An electric effect influences the structure, reactivity, or properties of a molecule but is neither a traditional bond nor a steric effect. [1] In organic chemistry, the term stereoelectronic effect is also used to emphasize the relation between the electronic structure and the geometry (stereochemistry) of a molecule.
Experimental economics is the application of experimental methods [1] to study economic questions. Data collected in experiments are used to estimate effect size , test the validity of economic theories, and illuminate market mechanisms.
Economic methodology is the study of methods, especially the scientific method, in relation to economics, including principles underlying economic reasoning. [1] In contemporary English, 'methodology' may reference theoretical or systematic aspects of a method (or several methods).
The classic example is supply and demand in economics. In other disciplines there are examples such as candidate evaluations and party identification [21] or public opinion and social policy in political science; [22] [23] road investment and travel demand in geography; [24] and educational attainment and parenthood entry in sociology or ...