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The additive persistence of 2718 is 2: first we find that 2 + 7 + 1 + 8 = 18, and then that 1 + 8 = 9. The multiplicative persistence of 39 is 3, because it takes three steps to reduce 39 to a single digit: 39 → 27 → 14 → 4. Also, 39 is the smallest number of multiplicative persistence 3.
60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5, the multiplicity of the prime factor 2 is 2, while the multiplicity of each of the prime factors 3 and 5 is 1. Thus, 60 has four prime factors allowing for multiplicities, but only three distinct prime factors.
The next odd divisor to be tested is 7. One has 77 = 7 · 11, and thus n = 2 · 3 2 · 7 · 11. This shows that 7 is prime (easy to test directly). Continue with 11, and 7 as a first divisor candidate. As 7 2 > 11, one has finished. Thus 11 is prime, and the prime factorization is; 1386 = 2 · 3 2 · 7 · 11.
3 + 1 2 + 2 2 + 1 + 1 1 + 1 + 1 + 1. The only partition of zero is the empty sum, having no parts. The order-dependent composition 1 + 3 is the same partition as 3 + 1, and the two distinct compositions 1 + 2 + 1 and 1 + 1 + 2 represent the same partition as 2 + 1 + 1. An individual summand in a partition is called a part.
In the polynomial + the only possible rational roots would have a numerator that divides 6 and a denominator that divides 1, limiting the possibilities to ±1, ±2, ±3, and ±6. Of these, 1, 2, and –3 equate the polynomial to zero, and hence are its rational roots (in fact these are its only roots since a cubic polynomial has only three roots).
The set {a, b} contains only elements a and b, each having multiplicity 1 when {a, b} is seen as a multiset. In the multiset {a, a, b}, the element a has multiplicity 2, and b has multiplicity 1. In the multiset {a, a, a, b, b, b}, a and b both have multiplicity 3.
The smaller or more distant an object, the more it twinkles, said Dr. Kenzie Nimmo, lead author of the companion study and a Kavli Postdoctoral Fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Theorem — The number of strictly positive roots (counting multiplicity) of is equal to the number of sign changes in the coefficients of , minus a nonnegative even number. If b 0 > 0 {\displaystyle b_{0}>0} , then we can divide the polynomial by x b 0 {\displaystyle x^{b_{0}}} , which would not change its number of strictly positive roots.