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UPI is a low-latency coherent interconnect for scalable multiprocessor systems with a shared address space. It uses a directory-based home snoop coherency protocol with a transfer speed of up to 10.4 GT/s. Supporting processors typically have two or three UPI links.
In addition to a board form factor connection, it can use both active and passive copper (up to 10 meters) and optical fiber cable (up to 10 km). [31] QSFP connectors are used. The InfiniBand Association also specified the CXP connector system for speeds up to 120 Gbit/s over copper, active optical cables, and optical transceivers using ...
There is no bandwidth increase from CXL 1.x, because CXL 2.0 still utilizes PCIe 5.0 PHY. On August 2, 2022, the CXL Specification 3.0 was released, based on PCIe 6.0 physical interface and PAM-4 coding with double the bandwidth; new features include fabrics capabilities with multi-level switching and multiple device types per port, and ...
Network-intensive applications like networked storage or cluster computing need a network infrastructure with a high bandwidth and low latency. The advantages of RDMA over other network application programming interfaces such as Berkeley sockets are lower latency, lower CPU load and higher bandwidth. [ 6 ]
The worst-case latency requirement is defined as 2 ms for Class A and 50 ms for Class B, but has been shown to be unreliable. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The per-port peer delay provided by gPTP and the network bridge residence delay are added to calculate the accumulated delays and ensure the latency requirement is met.
10 Gbit/s: 1.25 GB/s: RapidIO Gen2 2x: 10 Gbit/s: 1.25 GB/s: 2008 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GBASE-X) 10 Gbit/s: 1.25 GB/s: 2002-2006 Myri 10G: 10 Gbit/s: 1.25 GB/s: InfiniBand FDR-10 1× [24] 10 Gbit/s: 1.25 GB/s: 2011 NUMAlink 2: 12.8 Gbit/s: 1.6 GB/s: 1996 InfiniBand FDR 1× [24] 13.64 Gbit/s: 1.7 GB/s: 2011 InfiniBand SDR 8× [23] 16 Gbit/s: 2 ...
IEEE 802.15.4 protocol stack. Devices are designed to interact with each other over a conceptually simple wireless network.The definition of the network layers is based on the OSI model; although only the lower layers are defined in the standard, interaction with upper layers is intended, possibly using an IEEE 802.2 logical link control sublayer accessing the MAC through a convergence sublayer.
Both Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Red Hat Enterprise MRG [10] have support for RDMA. Microsoft supports RDMA in Windows Server 2012 via SMB Direct. VMware ESXi also supports RDMA as of 2015. Common RDMA implementations include the Virtual Interface Architecture, RDMA over Converged Ethernet (RoCE), InfiniBand, Omni-Path and iWARP.