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Crumple zones, crush zones [1] or crash zones are a structural safety feature used in vehicles, mainly in automobiles, to increase the time over which a change in velocity (and consequently momentum) occurs from the impact during a collision by a controlled deformation; in recent years, it is also incorporated into trains and railcars.
The crumple zone concept was originally invented and patented by Barényi in 1937, before he worked for Mercedes-Benz; and subsequently in a more developed form in 1952. [19] The 1953 Mercedes-Benz "Ponton" was a partial implementation of his ideas, [20] by having a strong deep platform to form a partial safety cell, patented in 1941. [19]
A current BMW MINI has 300lb over a volvo 340 of 20 years earlier. The increased mass comes in part from the extra material needed to overcome in inherent weakness that crumple zones bring to a crash structure. (for the same mass, crumple zones give less protection, so more mass is needed to offset and make as safe or safer).
This region in Pennsylvania, made famous by NASA's LANDSAT images, is the second-largest in the state and home to the famous anthracite fields. The rocks here are severely folded and contain numerous anticlines and synclines that plunge and fold back over each other. There are numerous thrust faults that help create a chaotic mess.
Like other gaps of the Allegheny, the slopes of Blair Gap were amenable to foot travel, pack mules, and possibly wagons, allowing Native Americans, and then, after about 1778–1780 settlers, to travel west into the relatively un-populated Ohio Country decades before the railroads were born and tied the country together with steel.
Lake Monongahela was a proglacial lake in western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio.It formed during the Pre-Illinoian ice epoch when the retreat of the ice sheet northwards blocked the drainage of these valleys to the north.
The Bellwether: Why Ohio Picks the President (Ohio University Press, 2016) Lamis, Alexander, and Brian Usher. Ohio Politics (2007) 544pp. Maizlish, Stephen E. The Triumph of Sectionalism: The Transformation of Ohio Politics, 1844–1856 (1983) Miller, Richard F. States at War, Volume 5: A Reference Guide for Ohio in the Civil War (2015).
The Birth of Pennsylvania, a portrait of William Penn (standing with document in hand), who founded the Province of Pennsylvania in 1681 as a refuge for Quakers after receiving a royal deed to it from King Charles II. The history of Pennsylvania stems back thousands of years when the first indigenous peoples occupied the area of what is now ...