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The history of the Haber process begins with the invention of the Haber process at the dawn of the twentieth century. The process allows the economical fixation of atmospheric dinitrogen in the form of ammonia, which in turn allows for the industrial synthesis of various explosives and nitrogen fertilizers, and is probably the most important industrial process developed during the twentieth ...
Fritz Haber (German: [ˈfʁɪt͡s ˈhaːbɐ] ⓘ; 9 December 1868 – 29 January 1934) was a German chemist who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his invention of the Haber process, a method used in industry to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas.
The Haber process, [1] also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It converts atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) to ammonia (NH 3 ) by a reaction with hydrogen (H 2 ) using finely divided iron metal as a catalyst:
Carl Bosch (German pronunciation: [kaʁl ˈbɔʃ] ⓘ; 27 August 1874 – 26 April 1940) was a German chemist and engineer and Nobel Laureate in Chemistry. [2] He was a pioneer in the field of high-pressure industrial chemistry and founder of IG Farben, at one point the world's largest chemical company.
1900s: Haber process by Carl Bosch and Fritz Haber [133] 1902: Ostwald process by Wilhelm Ostwald [162] 1903: First commercially decaffeination process by Ludwig Roselius [163] 1907: Thiele tube by Johannes Thiele [164] 1913: Coal liquefaction (Bergius process) by Friedrich Bergius [165] [166] 1913: Identification of protactinium by Oswald ...
The first commercial use of the Frank–Caro process for the nitrogen fixation reaction of calcium carbide and atmospheric nitrogen to produce calcium nitrate as a fertilizer. [5] Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch develop the Haber process for making ammonia from its elements, a milestone in industrial chemistry with deep consequences in agriculture.
The Born–Haber cycle is an approach to analyze reaction energies. It was named after two German scientists, Max Born and Fritz Haber , who developed it in 1919. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It was also independently formulated by Kasimir Fajans [ 4 ] and published concurrently in the same journal. [ 1 ]
Haber, Wilstätter and Weiss simply wrote HO 2 or O 2 H, but sometimes HO 2 • or • O 2 H can also be found to stress the radical character of the species. The hydroperoxyl radical is a weak acid and gives rise to the superoxide radical (O 2 •–) when it loses a proton: HO 2 → H + + O 2 – sometimes also written as: HO 2 • → H ...