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Clostridioides difficile toxin A (TcdA) is a toxin produced by the bacteria Clostridioides difficile, formerly known as Clostridium difficile. [1] It is similar to Clostridioides difficile Toxin B . The toxins are the main virulence factors produced by the gram positive , anaerobic, [ 2 ] Clostridioides difficile bacteria.
The involvement of toxin A and—most importantly—toxin B is the key element that determines the disease caused by C. difficile. Clinical laboratories have identified these toxins in patients' stool based on antibody and cytotoxicity assays . [ 44 ]
Under Gram staining, C. difficile cells are Gram-positive and show optimum growth on blood agar at human body temperatures in the absence of oxygen. C. difficile is catalase- and superoxide dismutase-negative, and produces up to three types of toxins: enterotoxin A, cytotoxin B and Clostridioides difficile transferase. [7]
Pathogenic C. difficile strains produce multiple toxins. [21] The most well-characterized are enterotoxin (Clostridium difficile toxin A) and cytotoxin (Clostridium difficile toxin B), both of which may produce diarrhea and inflammation in infected people, although their relative contributions have been debated. [20]
Reineke et al. (2007) present an integrated model for the uptake and inositol phosphate-induced activation of toxin B. [4] Clostridioides difficile infection, caused by the actions of the homologous toxins TcdA and TcdB on colonic epithelial cells is due to binding to target cells which triggers toxin internalization into acidified vesicles ...
Toxin A and toxin B are two toxins produced by Clostridioides difficile. Toxin A and toxin B are glycosyltransferases that cause the antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis and severe diarrhea that characterize disease presentation of C. diff infections. [7]
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