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Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, insects, ... In 1346, the bodies of ...
The Siege of Caffa is significant for several reasons. First, it highlights the use of biological warfare in medieval times, illustrating the lengths to which military leaders would go to achieve their objectives. The deliberate use of plague-infected corpses as a weapon of war underscores the desperation and brutality of the conflict. [1]
The use of bees as guided biological weapons was described in Byzantine written sources, such as Tactica of Emperor Leo VI the Wise in the chapter On Naval Warfare. [9] There are numerous other instances of the use of plant toxins, venoms, and other poisonous substances to create biological weapons in antiquity. [10]
De Mussis apparently recorded an early example of biological warfare in describing how the army of the Golden Horde hurled plague-infected cadavers over the city walls during the Siege of Caffa in 1346.
While the history of biological warfare goes back more than six centuries to the Siege of Caffa in 1346 CE, [14] international restrictions on biological warfare began only with the 1925 Geneva Protocol, which prohibits the use but not the possession or development of chemical and biological weapons. [15]
Remains of mysterious Norse ‘well man’ of lore reveals secrets of medieval biological warfare. Vishwam Sankaran. October 28, 2024 at 1:50 AM.
In late 1346, plague broke out among the besiegers and from them penetrated the town. The Mongol forces catapulted plague-infested corpses into Caffa as a form of attack, one of the first known instances of biological warfare. [52] When spring arrived, the Italian merchants fled on their ships, unknowingly carrying the Black Death.
It was one of the first large-scale biological weapon trials that would be conducted under a "germ warfare testing program" that went on for 20 years, from 1949 to 1969. ... in 1977 after ...