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The number of attributes constituting a heading is called the degree, which term also applies to tuples and relations. The term n -tuple refers to a tuple of degree n ( n ≥ 0). E. F. Codd used the term "relation" in its mathematical sense of a finitary relation , a set of tuples on some set of n sets S 1 , S 2 ,...., S n . [ 4 ]
The number of attributes in this set is the relation's degree or arity. The body is a set of tuples. A tuple is a collection of n values, where n is the relation's degree, and each value in the tuple corresponds to a unique attribute. [6] The number of tuples in this set is the relation's cardinality. [7]: 17–22
Database normalization is the process of structuring a relational database in accordance with a series of so-called normal forms in order to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity.
Isolation is typically enforced at the database level. However, various client-side systems can also be used. It can be controlled in application frameworks or runtime containers such as J2EE Entity Beans [2] On older systems, it may be implemented systemically (by the application developers), for example through the use of temporary tables.
Formally, a "database" refers to a set of related data accessed through the use of a "database management system" (DBMS), which is an integrated set of computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to all of the data contained in the database (although restrictions may exist that limit access to particular data).
Dullea et al. states: "A 'look across' notation such as used in the UML does not effectively represent the semantics of participation constraints imposed on relationships where the degree is higher than binary." Feinerer says: "Problems arise if we operate under the look-across semantics as used for UML associations.
Database administration is the function of managing and maintaining database management systems (DBMS) software. Mainstream DBMS software such as Oracle, IBM Db2 and Microsoft SQL Server need ongoing management. As such, corporations that use DBMS software often hire specialized information technology personnel called database administrators or ...
The ANSI-SPARC three-level architecture. The ANSI-SPARC Architecture (American National Standards Institute, Standards Planning And Requirements Committee), is an abstract design standard for a database management system (DBMS), first proposed in 1975.