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Robert Dicke, in 1957, developed a VSL theory of gravity, a theory in which (unlike general relativity) the speed of light measured locally by a free-falling observer could vary. [7] Dicke assumed that both frequencies and wavelengths could vary, which since c = ν λ {\displaystyle c=\nu \lambda } resulted in a relative change of c .
This led Alhazen to propose that light must have a finite speed, [130] [133] [134] and that the speed of light is variable, decreasing in denser bodies. [134] [135] He argued that light is substantial matter, the propagation of which requires time, even if this is hidden from the senses. [136]
In 1992, John Moffat proposed that the speed of light was much larger in the early universe, in which the speed of light had a value of more than 10 30 km/s. [2] He published his " variable speed of light " (VSL) theory in two places—on the Los Alamos National Laboratory's (LANL) online archive, 16 Nov. 1992, [ 4 ] and in a 1993 edition of ...
In this context, "speed of light" really refers to the speed supremum of information transmission or of the movement of ordinary (nonnegative mass) matter, locally, as in a classical vacuum. Thus, a more accurate description would refer to c 0 {\displaystyle c_{0}} rather than the speed of light per se.
They set a limit on the anisotropy of the speed of light resulting from the Earth's motions of Δc/c ≈ 10 −15, where Δc is the difference between the speed of light in the x- and y-directions. [33] As of 2015, optical and microwave resonator experiments have improved this limit to Δc/c ≈ 10 −18.
Modern experiments of the de Sitter type refute the idea that light might travel at a speed that was partially dependent on the velocity of the emitter (c'=c + kv), where the emitter's velocity v can be positive or negative, and k is a factor between 0 and 1, denoting the extent to which the speed of light depends on the source velocity.
It’s no secret, Albert Einstein was a bonafide genius, but even geniuses get it wrong sometimes.
Color-glass condensate is a type of matter theorized to exist in atomic nuclei traveling near the speed of light. According to Einstein's theory of relativity, a high-energy nucleus appears length contracted, or compressed, along its direction of motion. As a result, the gluons inside the nucleus appear to a stationary observer as a "gluonic ...