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A set of ontologies related to infectious diseases. Information Artifact Ontology [28] IAO An ontology of information entities. Informed Consent Ontology ICO An ontology for concepts related to informed consent, such as forms and policies. Integrative and Conjugative Element Ontology ICEO
In information science, an upper ontology (also known as a top-level ontology, upper model, or foundation ontology) is an ontology (in the sense used in information science) that consists of very general terms (such as "object", "property", "relation") that are common across all domains.
Ontology Design Patterns portal [76] is a wiki repository of reusable components and practices for ontology design, and also maintains a list of exemplary ontologies. Protégé Ontology Library [77] contains a set of OWL, Frame-based and other format ontologies. SchemaWeb [78] is a directory of RDF schemata expressed in RDFS, OWL and DAML+OIL.
The ontologies are openly available and have to be released under either the license CC-BY 3.0 or under the public domain . [24] The openness of the ontologies has enabled, for example, the import of terms from the Gene Ontology (one of the ontologies that follow OBO Principles) to the Wikidata project. [25]
Individuals (instances) are the basic, "ground level" components of an ontology. The individuals in an ontology may include concrete objects such as people, animals, tables, automobiles, molecules, and planets, as well as abstract individuals such as numbers and words (although there are differences of opinion as to whether numbers and words are classes or individuals).
Applied ontology is the application of Ontology for practical purposes. This can involve employing ontological methods or resources to specific domains, [1] such as management, relationships, biomedicine, information science or geography.
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) is a top-level ontology developed by Barry Smith and his associates for the purposes of promoting interoperability among domain ontologies built in its terms through a process of downward population. A guide to building BFO-conformant domain ontologies was published by MIT Press in 2015. [1]
UFO has garnered attention and application across various research groups globally. Prominent among them is the Ontology and Conceptual Modeling Research Group (NEMO) based at the Federal University of Espírito Santo in Brazil. NEMO focuses on developing foundational theories and applying them to complex information systems. [15]