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Participatory democracy, participant democracy, participative democracy, or semi-direct democracy is a form of government in which citizens participate individually and directly in political decisions and policies that affect their lives, rather than through elected representatives. [1]
Examples of ergatocracy include communist revolutionaries and rebels who control most of society and establish an alternative economy for people and workers. See Dictatorship of the proletariat. Herrenvolk democracy: A form of government in which only a specific ethnic group participates in government, while other ethnic groups are ...
A religious democracy is a form of government where the values of a particular religion have an effect on laws and policies, often when most of the population is a member of the religion. Examples include: Islamic democracy; Jewish and Democratic State; Theodemocracy; Gaṇasaṅgha
Participatory decision-making can take place along any realm of human social activity, including economic (i.e. participatory economics), political (i.e. participatory democracy or parpolity), management (i.e. participatory management), cultural (i.e. polyculturalism) or familial (i.e. feminism).
Many see participatory democracy as complementing representative democratic systems, in that it puts decision-making powers more directly in the hands of ordinary people. Rousseau suggested that participatory approaches to democracy had the advantage of demonstrating that "no citizen is a master of another" and that, in society, "all of us are ...
In economic development theory, there is a school of participatory development.The desire to increase public participation in humanitarian aid and development has led to the establishment of a numerous context-specific, formal methodologies, matrices, pedagogies and ad hoc approaches.
For example, Rio Tinto, Vale and Xstrata, Brasil’s and London’s largest mining companies, not only ended negotiations on their buyout deal, but have strategically refused to engage in traditional long term supply contracts due to lucrative spot market opportunities.
For example, distrust, role clarification, and time all play a role in challenges of civic engagement: [12] Civic engagement often takes longer to show results than direct government action. In the long run, public reactions to government policy or legal decisions can lead to faster change than government involvement in lawsuits or ballot ...