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Stochastic dominance is a partial order between random variables. [1] [2] It is a form of stochastic ordering.The concept arises in decision theory and decision analysis in situations where one gamble (a probability distribution over possible outcomes, also known as prospects) can be ranked as superior to another gamble for a broad class of decision-makers.
In probability theory and statistics, a stochastic order quantifies the concept of one random variable being "bigger" than another. These are usually partial orders, so that one random variable may be neither stochastically greater than, less than, nor equal to another random variable . Many different orders exist, which have different ...
In probability theory, Bernstein inequalities give bounds on the probability that the sum of random variables deviates from its mean. In the simplest case, let X 1, ..., X n be independent Bernoulli random variables taking values +1 and −1 with probability 1/2 (this distribution is also known as the Rademacher distribution), then for every positive ,
Free probability is a mathematical theory that studies non-commutative random variables. The "freeness" or free independence property is the analogue of the classical notion of independence , and it is connected with free products .
When the image (or range) of is finitely or infinitely countable, the random variable is called a discrete random variable [5]: 399 and its distribution is a discrete probability distribution, i.e. can be described by a probability mass function that assigns a probability to each value in the image of .
Independence is a fundamental notion in probability theory, as in statistics and the theory of stochastic processes.Two events are independent, statistically independent, or stochastically independent [1] if, informally speaking, the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of occurrence of the other or, equivalently, does not affect the odds.
Let be a random variable that takes the value 0 with probability 1/2, and takes the value 1 with probability 1/2. Let Y {\displaystyle Y} be a random variable, independent of X {\displaystyle X} , that takes the value −1 with probability 1/2, and takes the value 1 with probability 1/2.
In probability theory and statistics, the law of the unconscious statistician, or LOTUS, is a theorem which expresses the expected value of a function g(X) of a random variable X in terms of g and the probability distribution of X. The form of the law depends on the type of random variable X in question.