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1980 – Gravity Probe A verifies gravitational redshift to approximately 0.007% using a space-born hydrogen maser. [209] 1980 – James Bardeen explains structure in the Universe using cosmological perturbation theory. [210] 1981 – Alan Guth proposes cosmic inflation in order to solve the flatness and horizon problems. [211]
By the 1930s, Paul Dirac developed the hypothesis that gravitation should slowly and steadily decrease over the course of the history of the universe. [112] Alan Guth and Alexei Starobinsky proposed in 1980 that cosmic inflation in the very early universe could have been driven by a negative pressure field, a concept later coined ' dark energy ...
General relativity is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915, with contributions by many others after 1915. According to general relativity, the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the warping of space and time by those masses.
In physics, gravity (from Latin gravitas ' weight ' [1]) is a fundamental interaction primarily observed as a mutual attraction between all things that have mass.Gravity is, by far, the weakest of the four fundamental interactions, approximately 10 38 times weaker than the strong interaction, 10 36 times weaker than the electromagnetic force, and 10 29 times weaker than the weak interaction.
This is a timeline of space exploration which includes notable achievements, first accomplishments and milestones in humanity's exploration of outer space. This timeline generally does not distinguish achievements by a specific country or private company, as it considers humanity as a whole.
Still, in the absence of naked singularities, the universe, as described by the general theory of relativity, is deterministic: [1] it is possible to predict the entire evolution of the universe (possibly excluding some finite regions of space hidden inside event horizons of singularities), knowing only its condition at a certain moment of time ...
1916 – Schwarzschild metric modeling gravity outside a large sphere; 1917 - Ernest Rutherford: Proton proved; 1919 – Arthur Eddington:Light bending confirmed – evidence for general relativity; 1919–1926 – Kaluza–Klein theory proposing unification of gravity and electromagnetism; 1922 – Alexander Friedmann proposes expanding universe
(Later, loop quantum gravity inherited this geometric interpretation of gravity, and posits that a quantum theory of gravity is fundamentally a quantum theory of spacetime.) In the 1920s, the French mathematician Élie Cartan formulated Einstein's theory in the language of bundles and connections, [ 1 ] a generalization of Riemannian geometry ...