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The derivation of the maximum arching moment of resistance of laterally restrained concrete bridge deck slabs utilised Rankin's [21] idealised elastic-plastic stress-strain criterion for concrete, valid for concrete cylinder strengths up to at least 70N/mm 2, which he had derived on the basis of Hognestad, Hanson and McHenry's [23] ultimate ...
A culvert is a structure that channels water past an obstacle or to a subterranean waterway. Typically embedded so as to be surrounded by soil, a culvert may be made from a pipe, reinforced concrete or other material. In the United Kingdom, the word can also be used for a longer artificially buried watercourse. [1]
The Zuoz Bridge, also known as Innbrücke Zuoz is a three hinged reinforced concrete box girder hinged arch bridge designed by Swiss civil engineer Robert Maillart, and is the first box girder bridge to be constructed out of reinforced concrete. [1] Constructed in 1901, this was the first of his independently designed reinforced concrete arch ...
Robert Maillart, c. 1925. Robert Maillart (16 February 1872 – 5 April 1940) was a Swiss civil engineer who revolutionized the use of structural reinforced concrete with such designs as the three-hinged arch and the deck-stiffened arch for bridges, and the beamless floor slab and mushroom ceiling for industrial buildings.
By doubling the size of the arch, Paul Séjourné paved the way for the construction of large reinforced concrete arch bridges. The arrival of new construction techniques using steel, such as suspension bridges , prestressed concrete bridges , or cable-stayed bridges , abruptly marked the end of masonry bridge construction in the Western world.
Modern reinforced concrete can contain varied reinforcing materials made of steel, polymers or alternate composite material in conjunction with rebar or not. Reinforced concrete may also be permanently stressed (concrete in compression, reinforcement in tension), so as to improve the behavior of the final structure under working loads.
The arch is polygonal rather than curved, and is only 200 mm thick. [3] It supports the bridge deck via 160 mm thick reinforced concrete cross walls. The deck is thicker than the arch, and is stiff enough to prevent the slender arch from buckling. The highway deck is curved in plan.
The multi-plate arch bridge design was introduced in 1931 by the Armco Culvert Manufacturer's Association. The plates are made of galvanized corrugated steel, manufactured in curved segments, and assembled on site to build an arch. The corrugations, about 6 inches (150 mm) wide and 1.5 inches (38 mm) deep, formed a very strong bridge.