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Investment in cybersecurity, denoted as z, reduces v based on the effectiveness of the security measures, known as the security breach probability function. Gordon and Loeb demonstrated that the optimal level of security investment, z* , does not exceed 37% of the expected loss from a breach.
A complicating matter regarding bolt thrust is that a cartridge case expands and deforms under high pressure and starts to "stick" to the chamber. This "friction-effect" can be accounted for with finite elements calculations on a computer, but it is a lot of specialized work and generally not worth the trouble.
The theorem is especially important in the theory of financial mathematics as it explains how to convert from the physical measure, which describes the probability that an underlying instrument (such as a share price or interest rate) will take a particular value or values, to the risk-neutral measure which is a very useful tool for evaluating ...
In mathematics, an event that occurs with high probability (often shortened to w.h.p. or WHP) is one whose probability depends on a certain number n and goes to 1 as n goes to infinity, i.e. the probability of the event occurring can be made as close to 1 as desired by making n big enough.
Drilling Formula Sheets is a set of Drilling Formulas used commonly by drilling engineers in the onshore and offshore oil drilling industry. They are used as part of a key piece of engineering work called Well Control .
The defined distance for a particular chambering is published in the TDCC data sheet of the chambering. In a rifle cartridge case like the .308 Winchester, the TDCC M = 25.00 value denotes the transducer must be positioned at a distance of 25 millimetres (0.98 in) from the breech face. [2]
For functional level FMECA, engineering judgment may be required to assign failure mode ratio. The conditional probability number represents the conditional probability that the failure effect will result in the identified severity classification, given that the failure mode occurs. It represents the analyst's best judgment as to the likelihood ...
If M-score is less than -1.78, the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. For example, an M-score value of -2.50 suggests a low likelihood of manipulation. If M-score is greater than −1.78, the company is likely to be a manipulator. For example, an M-score value of -1.50 suggests a high likelihood of manipulation.