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  2. List of forms of government - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government

    Term Description Examples Autocracy: Autocracy is a system of government in which supreme power (social and political) is concentrated in the hands of one person or polity, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection).

  3. Night-watchman state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night-watchman_state

    A night-watchman state, also referred to as a minimal state or minarchy, whose proponents are known as minarchists, is a model of a state that is limited and minimal, whose functions depend on libertarian theory.

  4. Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology_and_Ideological...

    The ruling class uses repressive state apparatuses (RSA) to dominate the working class.The basic, social function of the RSA (government, courts, police and armed forces, etc.) is timely intervention within politics in favour of the interests of the ruling class, by repressing the subordinate social classes as required, using either violent or nonviolent coercive means.

  5. Death panel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_panel

    Betsy McCaughey. On July 16, 2009, former lieutenant governor of New York, Betsy McCaughey, a longtime opponent of federal healthcare legislation [9] [10] said Section 1233 of HR 3200 was "a vicious assault on elderly people" [11] because it would "absolutely require" Medicare patients to have counseling sessions every five years that would "tell them how to end their life sooner". [12]

  6. The Reason of State - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reason_of_State

    The Reason of State (Italian: Della Ragion di Stato) is a work of political philosophy by Italian Jesuit Giovanni Botero published in 1589. The book first popularised the term "reason of state", [1] [2] which refers to the right of rulers to act in ways that go against the dictates of both natural and positive law, with the overriding aim of acquiring, preserving, and augmenting the dominion ...

  7. Despotism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotism

    In its classical form, despotism is a state in which a single individual (the despot) holds all the power and authority embodying the state, and everyone else is a subsidiary person. This form of despotism was common in the first forms of statehood and civilization; the Pharaoh of Egypt is an exemplary figure of the classical despot.

  8. Regulation of science - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_science

    From 1942 to 1946, nuclear research was controlled by the military, which conducted research in secrecy. In 1946, the Atomic Energy Act handed over control to civilians, although the government retained a tight monopoly over nuclear energy. The 1954 amendment to this act enabled private industry to pursue non-military applications of nuclear ...

  9. Parallel state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_state

    The parallel state differs from the more commonly used "state within a state" in that they are usually endorsed by the prevailing political elite of a country, while the "state within a state" is a pejorative term to describe state-like institutions that operate without the consent of and even to the detriment to the authority of an established ...