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The majority of biological samples that are used in research are kept in a buffer solution, often phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4. In industry, buffering agents are used in fermentation processes and in setting the correct conditions for dyes used in colouring fabrics.
The bicarbonate buffer system is an acid-base homeostatic mechanism involving the balance of carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3), bicarbonate ion (HCO − 3 ), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in order to maintain pH in the blood and duodenum , among other tissues, to support proper metabolic function. [ 1 ]
Good's buffers (also Good buffers) are twenty buffering agents for biochemical and biological research selected and described by Norman Good and colleagues during 1966–1980. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Most of the buffers were new zwitterionic compounds prepared and tested by Good and coworkers for the first time, though some ( MES , ADA , BES , Bicine ...
Buffers typically consist of a pair of compounds in solution, one of which is a weak acid and the other a weak base. [13] The most abundant buffer in the ECF consists of a solution of carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3), and the bicarbonate (HCO − 3) salt of, usually, sodium (Na +). [5] Thus, when there is an excess of OH −
Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) is a buffer solution (pH ~ 7.4) commonly used in biological research. It is a water-based salt solution containing disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride and, in some formulations, potassium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The buffer helps to maintain a constant pH.
Since biological cells contain fluid that can act as a buffer, pH i can be maintained fairly well within a certain range. [11] Cells adjust their pH i accordingly upon an increase in acidity or basicity, usually with the help of CO 2 or HCO 3 – sensors present in the membrane of the cell. [3]
In cardiac muscle cells, the most important buffers within the cytoplasm include troponin C, SERCA, calmodulin, and myosin, while the most important within calcium buffer within the sarcoplasmic reticulum is calsequestrin., [2] [5] The effects of calcium buffers depends on their affinity for calcium, as well as the speed with which they bind ...
Ringer's solution typically contains sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate, with the last used to buffer the pH. Other additions can include chemical fuel sources for cells, including ATP and dextrose , as well as antibiotics and antifungals.