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This occupation was ended after three days by a combined force of Richmond Police and regular US Army troops from the Presidio of San Francisco. [68] Moreover, the Alcatraz Occupation greatly influenced the American government's decision to end its Indian termination policy and to pass the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act ...
Alcatraz Island (/ ˈ æ l k ə ˌ t r æ z /) is a small island 1.25 miles (2.01 km) offshore from San Francisco, California, United States. [1] The island was developed in the mid-19th century with facilities for a lighthouse, a military fortification, and a military prison.
While the occupation of Alcatraz seemed a failure on the surface, the federal policy of termination of all tribes ended in 1971, and self-determination became the new policy. Many consider the Alcatraz occupation the beginning of the "Red Power" movement. His 2008 book Heart of the Rock is the story of that "invasion". [1]
For Eloy Martinez, returning to Alcatraz Island meant a joyous reunion with people he hadn’t seen in decades. Martinez was among about 150 people who took windy boat rides to the island ...
The historic occupation was made up initially of young indigenous college students from around San Francisco and UCLA. [10] Oakes was considered a noted activist during the occupation according to The American Indian Quarterly. [11] Oakes had control of the island from the very beginning, with an organizational council put into effect immediately.
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The occupiers, calling themselves "Indians of All Tribes," were led by Richard Oakes, a Native American and student at San Francisco State College. The vast majority of his companions were Native American university students. [17] The White House refused to cave to the protesters but would not forcibly remove them either.
Belva Cottier (June 27, 1920 – May 2, 2000) was an American Rosebud Sioux activist and social worker. She proposed the idea of occupying Alcatraz Island in 1964 and was one of the activists who led the protest for return of the island to Native Americans.