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In fact, a large number of piperazine compounds have an anthelmintic action. Their mode of action is generally by paralysing parasites, which allows the host body to easily expel the invasive organism. The neuromuscular effects are thought to be caused by blocking acetylcholine at the myoneural junction.
Benzylpiperazine (BZP) is a substance often used as a recreational drug and is known to have euphoriant and stimulant properties. Several studies conducted between 2000 and 2011 found that the effects of BZP are similar to amphetamine, although BZP's dosage is roughly 10 times higher by weight.
para-Fluorophenylpiperazine (pFPP, 4-FPP, 4-Fluorophenylpiperazine; Fluoperazine, Flipiperazine) is a piperazine derivative with mildly psychedelic and euphoriant effects. [2] [3] It has been sold as an ingredient in legal recreational drugs known as "Party pills", initially in New Zealand and subsequently in other countries around the world.
Hydroxyzine works by blocking the effects of histamine. [9] It is a first-generation antihistamine in the piperazine family of chemicals. [8] [4] Common side effects include sleepiness, headache, and dry mouth. [8] [9] Serious side effects may include QT prolongation. [9] It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe. [8]
In comparison studies, mCPP has approximately 10-fold selectivity for the human 5-HT 2C receptor over the human 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2B receptors (K i = 3.4 nM vs. 32.1 and 28.8 nM). [11] It acts as a partial agonist of the human 5-HT 2A [ 47 ] and 5-HT 2C [ 48 ] receptors but as an antagonist of the human 5-HT 2B receptors.
Studies into other related piperazine drugs such as mCPP suggest that certain side effects such as anxiety, headache and nausea are common to all drugs of this class, and pills containing TFMPP are reported by users to produce comparatively more severe hangover effects than those containing only BZP. The drug can also cause the body to tremble ...
Azaperone is a pyridinylpiperazine and butyrophenone neuroleptic drug with sedative and antiemetic effects, which is used mainly as a tranquilizer in veterinary medicine. [1] It is uncommonly used in humans as an antipsychotic drug.
Other side effects include vision loss and dizziness. [3] It is a recommended treatment in pregnancy and appears to be safe for the baby. [4] [5] The World Health Organization; however, recommends waiting until after pregnancy for treatment when feasible. [2] It is made from 4-methyl-piperazine. [6]