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Piperazine is freely soluble in water and ethylene glycol, but insoluble in diethyl ether. It is a weak base with two pK b of 5.35 and 9.73 at 25 °C.; the pH of a 10% aqueous solution of piperazine is 10.8–11.8. Piperazine readily absorbs water and carbon dioxide from the air.
Benzylpiperazine (BZP) is a substance often used as a recreational drug and is known to have euphoriant and stimulant properties. Several studies conducted between 2000 and 2011 found that the effects of BZP are similar to amphetamine, although BZP's dosage is roughly 10 times higher by weight.
Hydroxyzine works by blocking the effects of histamine. [9] It is a first-generation antihistamine in the piperazine family of chemicals. [8] [4] Common side effects include sleepiness, headache, and dry mouth. [8] [9] Serious side effects may include QT prolongation. [9] It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe. [8]
In comparison studies, mCPP has approximately 10-fold selectivity for the human 5-HT 2C receptor over the human 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2B receptors (K i = 3.4 nM vs. 32.1 and 28.8 nM). [11] It acts as a partial agonist of the human 5-HT 2A [ 47 ] and 5-HT 2C [ 48 ] receptors but as an antagonist of the human 5-HT 2B receptors.
Studies into other related piperazine drugs such as mCPP suggest that certain side effects such as anxiety, headache and nausea are common to all drugs of this class, and pills containing TFMPP are reported by users to produce comparatively more severe hangover effects than those containing only BZP. The drug can also cause the body to tremble ...
Other side effects include vision loss and dizziness. [3] It is a recommended treatment in pregnancy and appears to be safe for the baby. [4] [5] The World Health Organization; however, recommends waiting until after pregnancy for treatment when feasible. [2] It is made from 4-methyl-piperazine. [6]
Cyclizine is a piperazine derivative with histamine H 1-receptor antagonist (antihistamine) activity. The precise mechanism of action in inhibiting the symptoms of motion sickness is not well understood. It may have effects directly on the vestibular system and on the chemoreceptor trigger zone.
Quipazine produces a head-twitch response and other psychedelic-consistent effects in animal studies including in mice, rats, and monkeys. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] These effects appear to be mediated by activation of the serotonin 5-HT 2A receptor, as they are blocked by serotonin 5-HT 2A receptor antagonists like ketanserin .