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The NEXUS format also allows the storage of data that can facilitate analyses, such as sets of characters or taxa. Many popular phylogenetic programs, including PAUP*, [2] MrBayes, [3] Mesquite, [4] MacClade, [5] and SplitsTree, [6] use this format. Nexus file names typically have the extension .nxs or .nex.
The SAM format consists of a header and an alignment section. [1] The binary equivalent of a SAM file is a Binary Alignment Map (BAM) file, which stores the same data in a compressed binary representation. [4] SAM files can be analysed and edited with the software SAMtools. [1] The header section must be prior to the alignment section if it is ...
Advanced Placement (AP) Biology (also known as AP Bio) is an Advanced Placement biology course and exam offered by the College Board in the United States. For the 2012–2013 school year, the College Board unveiled a new curriculum with a greater focus on "scientific practices".
This is overseen by the NBN Trust [5] which is responsible for the NBN Gateway [6] which in May 2016 passed 127 million records. At a local level there are a number of field natural history clubs promoting biological recording, including Essex Field Club [ 7 ] and Sandwell Valley Naturalists' Club. [ 8 ]
This is a popular form of phylogenetic bracketing first introduced by Witmer in 1995. [1] It works by comparing an extinct taxon to its nearest living relatives. [1] [2] [3] For example, Tyrannosaurus, a theropod dinosaur, is bracketed by birds and crocodiles.
Bioinformatics tools aid in comparing, analyzing and interpreting genetic and genomic data and more generally in the understanding of evolutionary aspects of molecular biology. At a more integrative level, it helps analyze and catalogue the biological pathways and networks that are an important part of systems biology.
Molecular biology – study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, with some cross over from biochemistry. Structural biology – a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules. Health sciences and human biology – biology of humans.
Tests of sufficiency in biology are used to determine if the presence of an element permits the biological phenomenon to occur. In other words, if sufficient conditions are met, the targeted event is able to take place. However, this does not mean that the absence of a sufficient biological element inhibits the biological event from occurring.