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Fresolimumab (GC1008) is a human monoclonal antibody [1] and an immunomodulator. It is intended for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and cancer [2] [3] (kidney cancer and melanoma). It binds to and inhibits all isoforms of the protein transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). [2]
Metelimumab (CAT-192) is a human IgG4 monoclonal antibody that neutralizes TGF beta 1 which had been chosen for further development for the treatment of diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis, also known as scleroderma. [1] It was dropped from further development in favour of fresolimumab, [2] which was being developed by Genzyme as of 2006. [3]
The TGF beta signaling pathway is involved in a wide range of cellular process and subsequently is very heavily regulated. There are a variety of mechanisms where the pathway is modulated either positively or negatively, including the agonists for ligands and R-SMADs, the decoy receptors, and the ubiquitination of R-SMADs and receptors.
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily that includes three [1] different mammalian isoforms (TGF-β 1 to 3, HGNC symbols TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3) and many other signaling proteins.
This list of over 500 monoclonal antibodies includes approved and investigational drugs as well as drugs that have been withdrawn from market; consequently, the column Use does not necessarily indicate clinical usage. See the list of FDA-approved therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in the monoclonal antibody therapy page.
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptors are single pass serine/threonine kinase receptors that belong to TGFβ receptor family. They exist in several different isoforms that can be homo - or heterodimeric . [ 1 ]
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a potent cell regulatory polypeptide homodimer of 25kD. [1] It is a multifunctional signaling molecule with more than 40 related family members. TGF-β plays a role in a wide array of cellular processes including early embryonic development, cell growth, differentiation, motility, and apoptosis. [2]
It acts as a mediator of the signals initiated by the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily of cytokines, which regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and death. [7] [8] Based on its essential role in TGF beta signaling pathway, SMAD3 has been related with tumor growth in cancer development.
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