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  2. Bottom type - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_type

    When the bottom type is uninhabited, a function whose return type is bottom cannot return any value, not even the lone value of a unit type.In such a language, the bottom type may therefore be known as the zero, never or empty type which, in the Curry–Howard correspondence, corresponds to falsity.

  3. Glossary of mathematical jargon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical...

    If, for some notion of substructure, objects are substructures of themselves (that is, the relationship is reflexive), then the qualification proper requires the objects to be different. For example, a proper subset of a set S is a subset of S that is different from S, and a proper divisor of a number n is a divisor of n that is different from n.

  4. Necessity and sufficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency

    In logic and mathematics, necessity and sufficiency are terms used to describe a conditional or implicational relationship between two statements.For example, in the conditional statement: "If P then Q", Q is necessary for P, because the truth of Q is guaranteed by the truth of P.

  5. Greatest element and least element - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_element_and_least...

    Even if a set has some upper bounds, it need not have a greatest element, as shown by the example of the negative real numbers. This example also demonstrates that the existence of a least upper bound (the number 0 in this case) does not imply the existence of a greatest element either.

  6. Relation (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relation_(mathematics)

    In mathematics, a relation denotes some kind of relationship between two objects in a set, which may or may not hold. [1] As an example, " is less than " is a relation on the set of natural numbers ; it holds, for instance, between the values 1 and 3 (denoted as 1 < 3 ), and likewise between 3 and 4 (denoted as 3 < 4 ), but not between the ...

  7. Infimum and supremum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infimum_and_supremum

    Consequently, the term greatest lower bound (abbreviated as GLB) is also commonly used. [1] The supremum (abbreviated sup; pl.: suprema) of a subset of a partially ordered set is the least element in that is greater than or equal to each element of , if such an element exists. [1]

  8. Up tack - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_tack

    The bottom type in type theory, which is the bottom element in the subtype relation. This may coincide with the empty type , which represents absurdum under the Curry–Howard correspondence The "undefined value" in quantum physics interpretations that reject counterfactual definiteness , as in ( r 0 ,⊥)

  9. List of set identities and relations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_set_identities_and...

    In constructive mathematics, "not empty" and "inhabited" are not equivalent: every inhabited set is not empty but the converse is not always guaranteed; that is, in constructive mathematics, a set that is not empty (where by definition, "is empty" means that the statement () is true) might not have an inhabitant (which is an such that ).