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The Hindi–Urdu controversy arose in 19th-century colonial India out of the debate over whether Modern Standard Hindi or Standard Urdu should be chosen as a national language. Hindi and Urdu are mutually intelligible as spoken languages, to the extent that they are sometimes considered to be dialects or registers of a single spoken language ...
A variant of jugaad in Pakistan is a motorcycle made into a motorized trike called chand-gari meaning "moon vehicle" or chingchee after the Chinese company Jinan Qingqi who first introduced these to the market. [18] Today, a jugaad is one of the most cost-effective transportation solutions for rural Indians, Pakistanis, and Bangladeshis.
Hindi imposition is a form of linguistic imperialism in which Hindi is obligated in Indian states that do not desire to use Hindi as a regional language. The term is rooted in the anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu , where it was proposed for Hindi to be taught in schools in the Madras Presidency .
Note that Hindi–Urdu transliteration schemes can be used for Punjabi as well, for Gurmukhi (Eastern Punjabi) to Shahmukhi (Western Punjabi) conversion, since Shahmukhi is a superset of the Urdu alphabet (with 2 extra consonants) and the Gurmukhi script can be easily converted to the Devanagari script.
The original Hindi dialects continued to develop alongside Urdu and according to Professor Afroz Taj, "the distinction between Hindi and Urdu was chiefly a question of style. A poet could draw upon Urdu's lexical richness to create an aura of elegant sophistication, or could use the simple rustic vocabulary of dialect Hindi to evoke the folk ...
But obviously, listing Devanagari alone is wrong, and adding Urdu letters will render the table impenetrable. However, our best keys only rely on sample words (e.g. Help:IPA/French , Help:IPA/Japanese , Help:IPA/Tamil ), including keys with two scripts ( Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian , Help:IPA/Punjabi ).
Hindi has drawn increasing focus as an academic subject. [8] There is a growing trend of Hindi experts and the availability of texts in Pakistan. [8] Many Hindi instructors migrated from India, or were educated at Indian universities. [5] The Department of Hindi at the National University of Modern Languages (NUML) in Islamabad was
In psychology, negative affectivity (NA), or negative affect, is a personality variable that involves the experience of negative emotions and poor self-concept. [1] Negative affectivity subsumes a variety of negative emotions, including anger , contempt , disgust , guilt , fear , [ 2 ] and nervousness .