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The CPU power states C0–C3 are defined as follows: C0 is the operating state. C1 (often known as Halt) is a state where the processor is not executing instructions, but can return to an executing state essentially instantaneously. All ACPI-conformant processors must support this power state.
The instructions are usually part of an executable program, often stored as a computer file and executed on the processor. The x86 instruction set has been extended several times, introducing wider registers and datatypes as well as new functionality.
A control register is a processor register that changes or controls the general behavior of a CPU or other digital device. Common tasks performed by control registers include interrupt control, switching the addressing mode , paging control, and coprocessor control.
The XOP (eXtended Operations [1]) instruction set, announced by AMD on May 1, 2009, is an extension to the 128-bit SSE core instructions in the x86 and AMD64 instruction set for the Bulldozer processor core, which was released on October 12, 2011. [2]
The reset vector is a pointer or address, where the CPU should always begin as soon as it is able to execute instructions. The address is in a section of non-volatile memory (such as BIOS or Boot ROM ) initialized to contain instructions to start the operation of the CPU, as the first step in the process of booting the system containing the CPU.
In May 2020, a script reading directly from the Control Register Bus (CRBUS) [34] (after exploiting "Red Unlock" in JTAG USB-A to USB-A 3.0 with Debugging Capabilities, without D+, D− and Vcc [35]) was used to read from the Local Direct Access Test (LDAT) port of the Intel Goldmont CPU and the loaded microcode and patch arrays were read. [36]
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The Jazelle Identity Register in register CP14:C0(C0) is read-only accessible in all modes. The Jazelle OS Control Register at CP14:c0(c1) is only accessible in kernel mode and will cause an exception when accessed in user mode. The Jazelle Main Configuration Register at CP14:C0(C2) is write-only in user mode and read-write in kernel mode.