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  2. Aluminium chloride - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_chloride

    Anhydrous aluminium chloride is hygroscopic, having a very pronounced affinity for water. It fumes in moist air and hisses when mixed with liquid water as the Cl − ligands are displaced with H 2 O molecules to form the hexahydrate [Al(H 2 O) 6]Cl 3. The anhydrous phase cannot be regained on heating the hexahydrate.

  3. Aqueous solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_solution

    The first solvation shell of a sodium ion dissolved in water. An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water. It is mostly shown in chemical equations by appending (aq) to the relevant chemical formula. For example, a solution of table salt, also known as sodium chloride (NaCl), in water would be represented as Na + (aq) + Cl ...

  4. Alkenylsuccinic anhydrides - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkenylsuccinic_anhydrides

    There are two types of polyisobutene used for this purpose, and they are commonly known as conventional and HR (highly reactive) PIB. Conventional PIB is made by polymerizing Raffinate 1 that contains a mixture of C 4 butenes with aluminum trichloride as catalyst. In comparison, HR PIB is made by polymerizing isobutene using boron trifluoride ...

  5. Hydrochloric acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid

    They range from those of water at very low concentrations approaching 0% HCl to values for fuming hydrochloric acid at over 40% HCl. [31] [32] [33] Hydrochloric acid as the binary (two-component) mixture of HCl and H 2 O has a constant-boiling azeotrope at 20.2% HCl and 108.6 °C (381.8 K; 227.5 °F).

  6. Water of crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_of_crystallization

    Crystallographic analysis reveals that the solid consists of [trans-NiCl 2 (H 2 O) 4] subunits that are hydrogen bonded to each other as well as two additional molecules of H 2 O. Thus one third of the water molecules in the crystal are not directly bonded to Ni 2+, and these might be termed "water of crystallization".

  7. Metal ions in aqueous solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_ions_in_aqueous_solution

    Two well-known structures are the Zundel cation and the Eigen cation. The Eigen solvation structure has the hydronium ion at the center of an H 9 O + 4 complex in which the hydronium is strongly hydrogen-bonded to three neighbouring water molecules. In the Zundel H 5 O + 2 complex the proton is shared equally by two water molecules in a ...

  8. Amphoterism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoterism

    The water molecule is amphoteric in aqueous solution. It can either gain a proton to form a hydronium ion H 3 O +, or else lose a proton to form a hydroxide ion OH −. [7] Another possibility is the molecular autoionization reaction between two water molecules, in which one water molecule acts as an acid and another as a base. H 2 O + H 2 O ...

  9. Anhydrous - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhydrous

    To clarify that it is the gaseous form that is being referred to, the term anhydrous is prefixed to the name of the substance: Gaseous ammonia is generally referred to as anhydrous ammonia, to distinguish it from its solution in water, household ammonia solution, also known as ammonium hydroxide.