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  2. Metallogels - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallogels

    Metallogels are one-dimensional nanostructured materials, which constitute a growing class in the Supramolecular chemistry field. Non-covalent interactions, such as hydrophobic interactions, π-π interactions, and hydrogen bonding, are among the responsible forces for the formation of those gels from small molecules.

  3. Sol–gel process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol–gel_process

    Schematic representation of the different stages and routes of the sol–gel technology. In this chemical procedure, a "sol" (a colloidal solution) is formed that then gradually evolves towards the formation of a gel-like diphasic system containing both a liquid phase and solid phase whose morphologies range from discrete particles to continuous polymer networks.

  4. List of trigonometric identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trigonometric...

    Subtracting ⁡ from both sides and dividing by 2 by two yields the power-reduction formula for sine: ⁡ = (⁡ ()). The half-angle formula for sine can be obtained by replacing θ {\displaystyle \theta } with θ / 2 {\displaystyle \theta /2} and taking the square-root of both sides: sin ⁡ ( θ / 2 ) = ± ( 1 − cos ⁡ θ ) / 2 ...

  5. Gelation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelation

    At that point in the reaction, which is defined as gel point, the system loses fluidity and viscosity becomes very large. The onset of gelation, or gel point, is accompanied by a sudden increase in viscosity. [3] This "infinite" sized polymer is called the gel or network, which does not dissolve in the solvent, but can swell in it. [4]

  6. Organogels - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organogels

    Gel point, the transition point from a polymer solution to gel, is a function of the extent of reaction or the fraction of functional groups reacted. Gelation time is the time interval between the onset of reaction– by heating, addition of catalyst into a liquid system, etc.– and gel point.

  7. Gel point - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_point

    In polymer chemistry, the gel point is an abrupt change in the viscosity of a solution containing polymerizable components. At the gel point, a solution undergoes gelation, as reflected in a loss in fluidity. After the monomer/polymer solution has passed the gel point, internal stress builds up in the gel phase, which can lead to volume shrinkage.

  8. Spinodal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinodal

    A phase diagram displaying spinodal curves, within the binodal coexistence curves and two critical points: an upper and lower critical solution temperature.. In thermodynamics, the limit of local stability against phase separation with respect to small fluctuations is clearly defined by the condition that the second derivative of Gibbs free energy is zero.

  9. Reverse spherification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_spherification

    When the liquid containing alcohol or calcium salt is dropped into an alginate bath, the liquid will draw itself into a spherical shape and becomes encapsulated by the gel-like membrane formed by the cross-linking of the calcium ions and the alginate polymer strands. [1] Larger spheres can be created using reverse spherification.