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  2. Joule expansion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule_expansion

    The Joule expansion (a subset of free expansion) is an irreversible process in thermodynamics in which a volume of gas is kept in one side of a thermally isolated container (via a small partition), with the other side of the container being evacuated. The partition between the two parts of the container is then opened, and the gas fills the ...

  3. Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prandtl–Meyer_expansion_fan

    The figure shows one such ideal expansion fan. A supersonic expansion fan, technically known as Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan, a two-dimensional simple wave, is a centered expansion process that occurs when a supersonic flow turns around a convex corner. The fan consists of an infinite number of Mach waves, diverging from a sharp corner. When a ...

  4. German question - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_question

    The "German question" was a debate in the 19th century, especially during the Revolutions of 1848, over the best way to achieve a unification of all or most lands inhabited by Germans. [1] From 1815 to 1866, about 37 independent German-speaking states existed within the German Confederation .

  5. Joule–Thomson effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule–Thomson_effect

    In thermodynamics, the Joule–Thomson effect (also known as the Joule–Kelvin effect or Kelvin–Joule effect) describes the temperature change of a real gas or liquid (as differentiated from an ideal gas) when it is expanding; typically caused by the pressure loss from flow through a valve or porous plug while keeping it insulated so that no heat is exchanged with the environment.

  6. Distance decay - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_decay

    Distance decay is a geographical term which describes the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions. [1] The distance decay effect states that the interaction between two locales declines as the distance between them increases. Once the distance is outside of the two locales' activity space, their interactions begin to decrease.

  7. Big Bang - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

    The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. [1] The concept of an expanding universe was scientifically originated by physicist Alexander Friedmann in 1922 with the mathematical derivation of the Friedmann equations.

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  9. Speech-to-song illusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech-to-Song_Illusion

    For example, the pitch content within spoken syllables generally changes dynamically, while the pitches of musical notes tend to be stable and the notes tend to be of longer duration. For this reason, theories of the brain substrates of speech and song perception have invoked explanations in terms of the acoustic features involved. [ 7 ]