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Tobacco smoking during pregnancy causes many detrimental effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general health effects of tobacco.A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the foetus.
[90] A 2014 US Surgeon General report found "that nicotine adversely affects maternal and fetal health during pregnancy, and that exposure to nicotine during fetal development has lasting adverse consequences for brain development." [14] Nicotine prenatal exposure is associated with behavioral abnormalities in adults and children. [107]
Cigarette smoking has been found to affect global epigenetic regulation of transcription across tissue types. Studies have shown differences in epigenetic markers like DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNA expression between smokers and non-smokers. Similar differences exist in children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 7 January 2025. Circumstances, mechanisms, and factors of tobacco consumption on human health "Health effects of smoking" and "Dangers of smoking" redirect here. For cannabis, see Effects of cannabis. For smoking crack cocaine, see Crack cocaine § Health issues. "Smoking and health" redirects here. For ...
SIDS rates are higher in babies of mothers who smoke during pregnancy. [22] [23] Between no smoking and smoking one cigarette a day, on average, the risk doubles. About 22% of SIDS in the United States is related to maternal smoking. [24] SIDS correlates with levels of nicotine and its derivatives in the baby. [25]
Nicotine itself could be at least partly responsible for many of the adverse after birth health results related to cigarette use while the mother was pregnant. [40] There is evidence that nicotine negatively affects fetal brain development and pregnancy outcomes. [42] There is also risk of stillbirth and pre-term birth. [43]
The 1980s began with the first Surgeon General's Report on the Health Consequences of Smoking for Women. [22] This report—published nearly 15 years after the original 1964 Surgeon General's Report [23] —came nearly sixty years after tobacco companies began marketing their products to women. The smoking rate of women in 1980 was at 29.3%.
Nicotine use for tobacco cessation has few contraindications. [71] It is not known whether nicotine replacement therapy is effective for smoking cessation in adolescents, as of 2014. [72] It is therefore not recommended to adolescents. [73] It is not safe to use nicotine during pregnancy or breastfeeding, although it is safer than smoking.