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The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which people with limited competence in a particular domain overestimate their abilities. It was first described by David Dunning and Justin Kruger in 1999. Some researchers also include the opposite effect for high performers: their tendency to underestimate their skills.
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English: A graph of how confidence to speak on a subject develops depending on experience and knowledge. According to the Dunning–Kruger effect, people tend to overestimate their cognitive ability until/unless their competence increases to the point where they become aware of their shortcomings.
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Dunning–Kruger effect – Cognitive bias about one's own skill; Erikson's stages of psychosocial development – Eight-stage model of psychoanalytic development; Flow – Full immersion in an activity; Formula for change; Illusory superiority – Cognitive bias; Immunity to change – Method of self-reflection and mindset change
You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix – to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.
The Dunning–Kruger effect refers to a cognitive bias, whereby people whose ability at a task is in fact low or average overestimate their own ability. [21] People's ability to judge their own intelligence varies: they are better at estimating their numerical intelligence than their verbal intelligence, but even then, their self-estimates only ...