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The German Enigma used a combination key to control the operation of the machine: rotor order, which rotors to install, which ring setting for each rotor, which initial setting for each rotor, and the settings of the stecker plugboard. The rotor settings were trigrams (for example, "NJR") to indicate the way the operator was to set the machine.
The machine was designed to analyse 3-rotor, not 4-rotor traffic. It was known as "003" or "Madame X". [75] [76] It did not use drums to represent the Enigma rotors, using instead telephone-type relays. It could, however, handle one problem that the bombes with drums could not.
The previous 3-rotor Enigma model had been modified with the old reflector replaced by a thin rotor and a new thin reflector. Breaking Shark on 3-rotor bombes would have taken 50 to 100 times as long as an average Air Force or Army message.
Despite the introduction of the 4-rotor Enigma for Atlantic U-boats, the analysis of traffic enciphered with the 3-rotor Enigma proved of immense value to the Allied navies. Banburismus was used until July 1943, when it became more efficient to use the many more bombes that had become available.
This increased the combinatorial complexity to 6-5-4 = 120 possible roller positions. In the Enigma-M2, the range of rollers had been increased by a further one, so that 7-6-5 = 210 roller layers were now possible. And with the Enigma-M3, which was used by the navy at the beginning of the war, there were eight rollers, three of which were used.
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US Navy bombe at the National Cryptologic Museum. Partial schematics of the US Navy bombe.. The United States Naval Computing Machine Laboratory (NCML) was a highly secret design and manufacturing site for code-breaking machinery located in Building 26 of the National Cash Register (NCR) company in Dayton, Ohio and operated by the United States Navy during World War II.
Combining three rotors from a set of five, each of the 3 rotor settings with 26 positions, and the plugboard with ten pairs of letters connected, the military Enigma has 158,962,555,217,826,360,000 different settings (nearly 159 quintillion or about 67 bits). [30] Choose 3 rotors from a set of 5 rotors = 5 x 4 x 3 = 60