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A taste receptor or tastant is a type of cellular receptor that facilitates the sensation of taste. When food or other substances enter the mouth, molecules interact with saliva and are bound to taste receptors in the oral cavity and other locations.
The diagram depicted above shows the signal transduction pathway of the bitter taste. Bitter taste has many different receptors and signal transduction pathways. Object A is a taste bud, object B is one taste cell, and object C is a neuron attached to object B. I. Part I is the reception of a molecule.1.
The bitter taste receptor family, T2R (TAS2R), is encoded on chromosome 7 and chromosome 12.Genes on the same chromosome have shown remarkable similarity with each other, suggesting that the primary mutagenic forces in evolution of TAS2R are duplication events.
These are located on top of the taste receptor cells that constitute the taste buds. The taste receptor cells send information detected by clusters of various receptors and ion channels to the gustatory areas of the brain via the seventh, ninth and tenth cranial nerves. On average, the human tongue has 2,000–8,000 taste buds. [2]
TAS2R10 specifically acts as a bitter taste receptor. [11] In general, TAS1Rs are receptors for umami and sweet tastes and TAS2Rs are bitter receptors. Bitter taste is mediated by numerous receptors, with TAS2R10 being part of a G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Humans have almost 1,000 different and highly specific GPCRs.
Bitter taste receptors are expressed in taste receptor cells, which organized into taste buds on the papillae of the tongue and palate epithelium.. In addition, TAS2Rs were found to be expressed in extra-oral tissues, e.g. brain, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, etc. [9] So far, less is known about their function however, for example it was shown that:
In particular, there are two main model of peripheral taste coding: a labelled-line model, which posits that each taste receptor codes for a specific taste quality (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami); and an across-fiber model, which proposes that taste perception arises from the combined activity of multiple unspecific taste receptors. [12]
Taste receptor type 2 member 14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAS2R14 gene. [5] [6] [7] Taste receptors for bitter substances (T2Rs/TAS2Rs) belong to the family of G-protein coupled receptors and are related to class A-like GPCRs. There are 25 known T2Rs in humans responsible for bitter taste perception. [8]