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Anti-streptolysin O (ASO or ASLO) is the antibody made against streptolysin O, an immunogenic, oxygen-labile streptococcal hemolytic exotoxin produced by most strains of group A and many strains of groups C and G Streptococcus bacteria. The "O" in the name stands for oxygen-labile; the other related toxin being oxygen-stable streptolysin-S.
Titers of 1:4 or higher is considered critical for Kell (compared to 1:16 for most other antibodies) and is considered to confer a high risk of fetal anemia. [17] Such high titers may be managed by weekly follow-up by obstetric ultrasound , assessing the peak systolic velocity of the fetal middle cerebral arterial (MCA), amniotic fluid volume ...
Titers of 1:8 or higher is considered critical for Kell. Titers of 1:16 or higher are considered critical for all other antibodies. After critical titer is reached, care is based on MCA scans. If antibodies are low and have a sudden jump later in pregnancy, an MCA scan is warranted.
[citation needed] If IgG anti-A or IgG anti-B antibodies are found in the pregnant woman's blood, they are not reported with the test results, because they do not correlate well with ABO HDN. [citation needed] Diagnosis is usually made by investigation of a newborn baby who has developed jaundice during the first week of life. Testing
Ultrasound images and electrocardiogram of an infant with hydrops fetalis as the result of severe Rh disease. A) Ultrasound image of the fetal head showing scalp edema (arrow); (B) ultrasound image showing high abundance ascites (arrow) on a sagittal section of the abdomen; (C) Sinusoidal type fetal heart rate recording [3]
The ESR is typically high, the C-reactive protein elevated, and the blood showing an increase in white blood cells. [4] The ESR is initially very high and falls as the nodules of erythema nodosum. The ASO titer is high in cases associated with a streptococcal throat infection.
In 1941, Group O: a patient in Irvington, New Jersey, US, delivered a normal [clarification needed] infant in 1931; this pregnancy was followed by a long period of sterility. The second pregnancy (April, 1941) resulted in an infant with icterus gravis. [52] In May 1941, the third anti-Rh serum (M.S.) of Group O became available. [52]
References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy, [10] diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Reference ranges often depend on the analytical method used, for reasons such as inaccuracy , lack of standardisation , lack of certified reference material and differing antibody reactivity . [ 11 ]