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The null coalescing operator is a binary operator that is part of the syntax for a basic conditional expression in several programming languages, such as (in alphabetical order): C# [1] since version 2.0, [2] Dart [3] since version 1.12.0, [4] PHP since version 7.0.0, [5] Perl since version 5.10 as logical defined-or, [6] PowerShell since 7.0.0, [7] and Swift [8] as nil-coalescing operator.
The class null is a subclass of the symbol class, because nil is a symbol. Since nil also represents the empty list, null is a subclass of the list class, too. Methods parameters specialized to symbol or list will thus take a nil argument. Of course, a null specialization can still be defined which is a more specific match for nil.
Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++; ALGOL 68: Comparisons with other languages; Compatibility of C and C++; Comparison of Pascal and Borland Delphi; Comparison of Object Pascal and C; Comparison of Pascal and C; Comparison of Java and C++; Comparison of C# and Java; Comparison of C# and Visual Basic .NET; Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic ...
class name definition «inheriting from parentclass». «interfaces: interfaces.» method_and_field_declarations endclass. class name implementation. method_implementations endclass. interface name . members endinterface.
Assignment operator; Assignment operator (C++) ... Null coalescing operator; O. Operand; Operator associativity; Operator overloading; Operators in C and C++; Order ...
A structural type system means that the language decides whether types are compatible and/or equivalent based on the definition and characteristics of the types. Type checking determines whether and when types are verified. Static checking means that type errors are reported based on a program's text (source code).
C# 6.0 and above have ?., the null-conditional member access operator (which is also called the Elvis operator by Microsoft and is not to be confused with the general usage of the term Elvis operator, whose equivalent in C# is ??, the null coalescing operator) and ?[], the null-conditional element access operator, which performs a null-safe call of an indexer get accessor.
In C++, complex arithmetic can be performed using the complex number class, but the two methods are not code-compatible. (The standards since C++11 require binary compatibility, however.) [16] Variable length arrays. This feature leads to possibly non-compile time sizeof operator. [17]