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In fluid dynamics, the entrance length is the distance a flow travels after entering a pipe before the flow becomes fully developed. [1] Entrance length refers to the length of the entry region, the area following the pipe entrance where effects originating from the interior wall of the pipe propagate into the flow as an expanding boundary layer.
Piping and instrumentation diagram of pump with storage tank. Symbols according to EN ISO 10628 and EN 62424. A more complex example of a P&ID. A piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) is defined as follows: A diagram which shows the interconnection of process equipment and the instrumentation used to control the process.
In this case, the equation governing the beam's deflection can be approximated as: = () where the second derivative of its deflected shape with respect to (being the horizontal position along the length of the beam) is interpreted as its curvature, is the Young's modulus, is the area moment of inertia of the cross-section, and is the internal ...
Increasing the structure gauge for a larger loading gauge can involve substantial work. The UK's Midland Main Line being upgraded in 2014. In narrow curves, long cars like this 26.4 m (86 ft 7 in) long express train car protrude further into the gauge than on a straight track.
Standardized measurements are essential to technological advancement, and early measurement tools have been found dating back to the dawn of human civilization. [1] Early Mesopotamian and Egyptian metrologists created a set of measurement standards based on body parts known as anthropic units. These ancient systems of measurements utilized ...
Driller's depth is always recorded, and it constitutes the primary depth system, unless it is later superseded by a more accurate measurement such as the depth from an open- or cased-hole wireline log. Driller's depth should always have 1) a unit of measurement e.g. meter or feet, 2) a datum reference e.g. rig floor.
Depth changes are 'apparent' because depth gauges are calibrated for sea water, and the hydrolevel is filled with fresh water. Therefore, a coefficient must be determined to convert apparent depth changes to true depth changes. Adding the readings for consecutive pairs of stations gives the total depth of the cave. [5]