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sysctl is a software mechanism in some Unix-like operating systems that reads and modifies the attributes of the system kernel such as its version number, maximum limits, and security settings. [1] It is available both as a system call for compiled programs, and an administrator command for interactive use and scripting.
The opening screen of the setup for Windows Server 2003. The setup process introduced with Windows NT 3.1 remained in effect until the release of Windows Vista. The general process is: The user starts the installation process, either by booting off the installation media, running the MS-DOS installer from MS-DOS, or running the Windows ...
In UEFI systems, the Linux kernel can be executed directly by UEFI firmware via the EFI boot stub, [8] but usually uses GRUB 2 or systemd-boot as a bootloader. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] If UEFI Secure Boot is supported, a "shim" or "Preloader" is often booted by the UEFI before the bootloader or EFI-stub-bearing kernel. [ 11 ]
Deploying solutions based on reboot to restore technology allows users to define a system configuration as the desired state. The baseline is the point that is restored on reboot. Once the baseline is set, the reboot to restore software continues to restore that configuration every time the device restarts or switches on after a shutdown. [3]
Immediately reboot the system, without unmounting or syncing filesystems b: x: b: b: Perform a system crash. A crashdump will be taken if it is configured. c: j: c: c: Display all currently held Locks (CONFIG_LOCKDEP kernel option is required) d: e: d: s: Send the SIGTERM signal to all processes except init (PID 1) e. e: f
The current Linux manual pages for su define it as "substitute user", [9] making the correct meaning of sudo "substitute user, do", because sudo can run a command as other users as well. [10] [11] Unlike the similar command su, users must, by default, supply their own password for authentication, rather than the password of the target user.
Although systemd is, as of 2016, used by default in most major Linux distributions, runlevels can still be used through the means provided by the sysvinit project. After the Linux kernel has booted, the /sbin/init program reads the /etc/inittab file to determine the behavior for each runlevel.
GRUB 2, elilo and systemd-boot serve as conventional, full-fledged standalone UEFI boot managers (a.k.a. bootloader managers) for Linux. Once loaded by a UEFI firmware, they can access and boot kernel images from all devices, partitions and file systems they support, without being limited to the EFI system partition.