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The declension endings starting with the vowel e or i (except for the instrumental singular -em) have the effect of palatalizing the preceding consonant. Due to historical developments, the actual effect is dependent on the consonant. [ɲ t͡s d͡z t͡ʂ d͡ʐ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ l j] don't change i changes to y after [t͡s d͡z t͡ʂ d͡ʐ ...
The oldest system of declension was in Proto-Indo-European, inherited by Sanskrit, to affix the endings directly to the nominal root. In later stages, a new system developed wherein an intermediary called the thematic vowel is inserted to the root before the final endings are appended: *-o-which in Sanskrit becomes -a-, producing the thematic stem.
The older distinction between athematic and thematic stems had been lost, and generally nouns were divided into several declension classes based on the vowels or consonants before the case endings. Globally, there were vowel stems ( a -, ō -, i - and u -stems) and consonant stems ( n -, r - and z -stems and stems ending in other consonants).
For true nouns (not for adjectives), there are three cases that always have the same ending in the plural, regardless of gender or declension class: dative plural in -om, instrumental plural in -ami or -mi, and locative plural in -ach; the only apparent exception being nouns that are in fact inflected as previously dual nouns, ex. rękoma ...
Tendency to replace some noun declension endings with adjective endings or vice-versa; Replacement of the neuter nominative/accusative numeral dwie with the masculine dwa; Prefixed iść type verbs with an inserted -ń-Hardening of the first person singular and plural verb endings such as idemy, złapę by analogy of idę and archaic grzebę
Although the a of the Greek and Latin first declension was not originally a thematic vowel, it is considered one in Greek and Latin grammar. In both languages, first-declension nouns take some endings belonging to the thematic second declension. An a-stem noun was originally a collective noun suffixed with -eh₂, the ending of the neuter plural.
Nouns belonging to this declension class are masculines ending in -ь preceded by a palatal in the nominative singular (врачь, крал҄ь, кошь). This paradigm encompasses nouns such as краи ( krai ) that don't appear to be ending in a palatal, but are in fact underlyingly combinations like krajь and so undergo this declension ...
Stems ending in *i or *u such as *men-ti-are consonantic (i.e. athematic) because the *i is just the vocalic form of the glide *y, the full grade of the suffix being *-tey-. [note 2] Post-PIE ā was actually *eh₂ in PIE. Among the most common athematic stems are root stems, i-stems, u-stems, eh₂-stems, n-stems, nt-stems, r-stems and s-stems ...