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  2. Mountaintop removal mining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaintop_removal_mining

    Mountaintop removal mining (MTR), also known as mountaintop mining (MTM), is a form of surface mining at the summit or summit ridge of a mountain. Coal seams are extracted from a mountain by removing the land, or overburden, above the seams. This process is considered to be safer compared to underground mining because the coal seams are ...

  3. Surface mining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_mining

    The Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, [1] an open-pit mine owned by Yara International, in Siilinjärvi, Finland Coal strip mine in Wyoming. Surface mining, including strip mining, open-pit mining and mountaintop removal mining, is a broad category of mining in which soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit (the overburden) are removed, in contrast to underground mining, in which the ...

  4. Gold panning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_panning

    "Panning out" ~ Stereoscopic view of print taken by the U.S. Geological and Geographic Survey of the Territories ~ circa 1874–1879 Gold panning is a simple process. Once a suitable placer deposit is located, some alluvial deposits are scooped into a pan, where they are then wetted and loosed from attached soils by soaking, fingering, and aggressive agitation in water.

  5. Digging - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digging

    Movements of the ploughman when digging A dog digging on a beach.. Digging, also referred to as excavation, is the process of using some implement such as claws, hands, manual tools or heavy equipment, to remove material from a solid surface, usually soil, sand or rock on the surface of Earth.

  6. Placer mining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placer_mining

    One of the largest sites was at Las Médulas, where seven 30 mile long aqueducts were used to work the alluvial gold deposits through the first century AD. [ a ] In North America , placer mining was famous in the context of several gold rushes , particularly the California Gold Rush and the Colorado Gold Rush , the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush and ...

  7. Hydraulic mining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_mining

    By the early 1860s, while hydraulic mining was at its height, small-scale placer mining had largely exhausted the rich surface placers, and the mining industry turned to hard rock (called quartz mining in California) or hydraulic mining, which required larger organizations and much more capital. By the mid-1880s, it is estimated that 11 million ...

  8. Mineral processing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_processing

    The bubbles however should not be too stable as this prevents easy transportation and dewatering of the concentrate formed. The mechanism of these frothers is not completely known and further research into their mechanisms is being performed. Depressants and activators are used to selectively separate one mineral from another.

  9. Sediment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment

    Sediment is a solid material that is transported to a new location where it is deposited. [1] It occurs naturally and, through the processes of weathering and erosion, is broken down and subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice or by the force of gravity acting on the particles.