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Stopped-flow spectrometry enables the solution-phase study of chemical kinetics for fast reactions, typically with half-lives in the millisecond range. Initially, it was primarily used for investigating enzyme-catalyzed reactions but quickly became a staple in biochemistry, biophysics, and chemistry laboratories for tracking rapid chemical ...
[1] [2] [3] In the case of temperature jump, the perturbation involves rapid heating which changes the value of the equilibrium constant, followed by relaxation to equilibrium at the new temperature. The heating usually involves discharging of a capacitor (in the kV range) through a small volume (< 1 mL) of a conducting solution containing the ...
Solution polymerization is a method of industrial polymerization. In this procedure, a monomer is dissolved in a non-reactive solvent that contains a catalyst or initiator. The reaction results in a polymer which is also soluble in the chosen solvent. Heat released by the reaction is absorbed by the solvent, reducing the reaction rate.
There are two reactions occurring simultaneously in the solution. In the first, slow reaction, iodine is produced: H 2 O 2 + 2 I − + 2 H + → I 2 + 2 H 2 O. In the second, fast reaction, iodine is reconverted to two iodide ions by the thiosulfate: 2 S 2 O 2− 3 + I 2 → S 4 O 2− 6 + 2 I −. After some time the solution changes color to ...
Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the branch of physical chemistry that is concerned with understanding the rates of chemical reactions. It is different from chemical thermodynamics, which deals with the direction in which a reaction occurs but in itself tells nothing about its rate.
A fluorous technology was described by Curran [16] The fluorous synthesis employs functionalized perfluoroalkyl (Rf) groups like 4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-Tridecafluorononyl {CF 3 (CF 2) 4 CF 2 CH 2 CH 2-} group attached to substrates or reagents. The Rf groups make it possible to remove either the product or the reagents from the reaction mixture.
Regardless, this reaction is still very useful as it has notably fast reaction kinetics. [ 36 ] The applications of this reaction include labeling proteins containing serine as the first residue: the serine is oxidized to aldehyde with NaIO 4 and then converted to nitrone with p-methoxybenzenethiol, N-methylhydroxylamine and p-ansidine, and ...
Diffusion control is more likely in solution where diffusion of reactants is slower due to the greater number of collisions with solvent molecules. Reactions where the activated complex forms easily and the products form rapidly are most likely to be limited by diffusion control. Examples are those involving catalysis and enzymatic reactions.