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"Bodies of Subversion: A Secret History of Women and Tattoo", by Margot Mifflin, became the first history of women's tattoo art when it was released in 1997. In it, she documents women's involvement in tattooing coinciding to feminist successes, with surges in the 1880s, 1920s and the 1970s. [ 153 ]
The predecessor to the tattoo machine was Thomas Edison's electric pen, patented under the title Stencil-Pens in Newark, New Jersey, United States in 1876. [2] It was originally intended to be used as a duplicating device, but in 1891, Samuel O'Reilly discovered that Edison's machine could be modified and used to introduce ink into the skin ...
Tattoo artists create these designs using several tattooing processes and techniques, including hand-tapped traditional tattoos and modern tattoo machines. The history of tattooing goes back to Neolithic times, practiced across the globe by many cultures, and the symbolism and impact of tattoos varies in different places and cultures.
O'Reilly's first pre-patent tattoo machine was a modified dental plugger, which he used to tattoo several dime museum attractions for exhibition between the years 1889 and 1891. [1] From the late 1880s on, tattoo machines continually evolved into the modern tattoo machine. [1] O'Reilly first owned a shop at #5 Chatham Square on the New York Bowery.
A pen is a handheld device used to apply ink to a surface, usually paper, for writing or drawing. [1] Additional types of specialized pens are used in specific types of applications and environments such as in artwork , electronics , digital scanning and spaceflight , and computing.
Bich soon perfected the design of the ballpoint pen, and the Bic Cristal ballpoint pen became the company's first product in 1950. [6] [7] The Bic Cristal has sold over one hundred billion units since its launch in 1950. [8] Bich formed Société Bic in 1953, [4] and the company was listed on the Paris Stock Exchange in 1972. [9]
Pens with erasers and erasable ink have been manufactured, but only in black and blue inks, and with very different characteristics than normal inks. [42] Although the mechanics of ballpoint pens remain relatively unchanged, ink composition has evolved to solve certain problems over the years, resulting in unpredictable sensitivity to light. [4]
Tattoo inks are available in a range of colors that can be thinned or mixed together to produce other colors and shades. Most professional tattoo artists purchase inks pre-made (known as predispersed inks), while some artists mix their own using a dry pigment and a carrier.