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A number of materials contract on heating within certain temperature ranges; this is usually called negative thermal expansion, rather than "thermal contraction".For example, the coefficient of thermal expansion of water drops to zero as it is cooled to 3.983 °C (39.169 °F) and then becomes negative below this temperature; this means that water has a maximum density at this temperature, and ...
The steam drum was only supported by the watertubes and was allowed to move freely, with thermal expansion. If superheated, the superheater elements were hung from this drum. Compared to the earlier Scotch and locomotive boilers, water-tube boilers with their reduced water volumes were considered lightweight and didn't require extensive supports.
Load due to thermal expansion of pipe; Load due to thermal movement of equipment; A pipe may experience expansion or contraction once it is subjected to temperatures higher or lower respectively as compared to temperature at which it was assembled. The secondary loads are often cyclic but not always. For example, load due to tank settlement is ...
To distinguish these two thermal expansion equations of state, the latter one is called pressure-dependent thermal expansion equation of state. To deveop the pressure-dependent thermal expansion equation of state, in an compression process at room temperature from (V 0, T 0, P 0) to (V 1, T 0,P 1), a general form of volume is expressed as
In a design study of functionally equivalent 5 kW HVAC heat exchangers, tube materials in the coils weighed 3.09 kg for 9.52 mm diameter tube, 2.12 kg for 7 mm diameter tube, and 1.67 kg for 5 mm diameter tube. Tube weight was reduced by 31% when copper tube diameters were downsized from 3/8 inch to 7 mm. Tube weight was reduced by 46% when ...
As the temperature rises, the mercury is pushed up through the constriction by the force of expansion. When the temperature falls, the column of mercury breaks at the constriction and cannot return to the bulb, thus remaining stationary in the tube. The observer can then read the maximum temperature over the set period of time.
Pipe supports of any kind may incorporate springs, snubbers, dampers, or combinations of these devices to compensate for thermal expansion, or to provide vibration isolation, shock control, or reduced vibration excitation of the pipe due to earthquake motion. Some dampers are simply fluid dashpots, but other dampers may be active hydraulic ...
The pipe warms up to the temperature of the water and the relative expansion can be determined as a function of the water temperature. For the measurement of the volumetric expansion of liquids one takes a large glass container filled with water. In an expansion tank (glass container with an accurate volume scale) with the sample liquid.